Line of succession to the former Saxon thrones

Albertine Wettins

Frederick Augustus III,
King of Saxony
1865-1932

Friedrich Christian,
Margrave of Meissen
1893-1968

Prince Ernst Heinrich of Saxony
1896-1971

Maria Emanuel,
Margrave of Meissen
1926-2012

Princess Anna
1929-2012

Albert Margrave of Meissen
1934-2012

Princess Mathilde
1936-2018

Prince Timo of Saxony
1923-1982

Prince Alexander of Saxe-Gessaphe
The second adopted heir
b 1954

Prince Johannes of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
The first adopted heir
1969-1987

Prince Rüdiger of Saxony
b 1953

Royal House of Saxony[edit]

The Kingdom of Saxony was abolished in 1918 when King Frederick Augustus III of Saxony abdicated. The succession law until the abolition of the monarchy was semi-Salic primogeniture and required the successor to be born of an equal marriage, approved in advance by the head of the house.[citation needed] Accordingly, the last undisputed male member of the family was Prince Albert of Saxony, who assumed the headship of the royal house and the title Margrave of Meissen upon the death of his brother the Margrave Maria Emanuel in July 2012. This was challenged, however, by his nephew Prince Alexander of Saxe-Gessaphe who also claimed the headship based on a 1997 agreement, and who is said to have reached an agreement with Albert just prior to the funeral of Maria Emanuel which recognised Alexander as the dynasty's heir.[citation needed] With the death of Albert in October 2012 the dispute continued with Prince Rüdiger of Saxony, the only agnatic great grandson of the last King of Saxony, claiming the headship.[citation needed]

The conflict over the headship stems from the fact that the last undisputed head of the house Maria Emanuel, Margrave of Meissen, and the other princes of his generation either had no children or, in the case of Prince Timo, had children (including Prince Rüdiger of Saxony) who were not recognised by Margrave Maria Emanuel as dynastic members of the Royal House of Saxony.[1][2] The first designated dynastic heir of Maria Emanuel was his and Albert's nephew Prince Johannes of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, only son of their youngest sister Princess Mathilde of Saxony by her marriage to Prince Johannes Heinrich of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, dynast of a ducal branch of the House of Wettin senior patrilineally to the royal branch.[2]

In 2014 the Deutscher Adelsrechtsausschuss (basically a deciding body of the associations of the German nobility with regard to questions of historical nobility law) issued an expert opinion that the Albertine line of the House of Wettin became extinct with the death of Maria Emanuel, Margrave of Meissen in 2012. None of the remaining family members, who bear the legal surname "Prinz von Sachsen Herzog zu Sachsen", are allowed to use the style His/Her Royal Highness. Because there is no longer a head of the royal house, no family member has the right to use the title Margrave of Meissen.[3][4]

Claim of Alexander, Margrave of Meissen[edit]

After the early death of Prince Johannes, the heirless Maria Emanuel then considered as potential heir another nephew, Alexander Afif, the eldest son of Princess Anna of Saxony and her husband Roberto Afif, despite the fact Alexander was only a female line Wettin descendant whose parents' marriage had, at the time, been morganatic,[1] and were contrary to the house laws of the Saxon royal house and of the Saxon Kingdom's constitution, both of which required equal marriage for descendants to inherit dynastic rights.[2][5]

On 14 May 1997 the Margrave of Meissen proposed his nephew Alexander Afif as heir and drew up a document that was signed by the other male and female members of the royal house (including previously non-dynastic spouses of princes) setting out that Alexander would succeed on his death. The document was signed by:

Anastasia, Margravine of Meissen (born 1940), the Margrave's wife
Prince Albert of Saxony (1934–2012), the Margrave's younger brother
Princess Elmira of Saxony (born 1930), Prince Albert's wife
Prince Dedo of Saxony (1922–2009), the Margrave's cousin. He also signed on behalf of:
- his brother Prince Gero of Saxony (1925–2003)
- his stepmother Princess Virginia of Saxony (1910–2002), widow of Prince Ernst Heinrich of Saxony
Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony (born 1928), the Margrave's sister
Princess Anna of Saxony (1929–2012), the Margrave's sister
Princess Mathilde of Saxony (1936-2018), the Margrave's sister
Princess Erina of Saxony (1921–2010), widow of the Margrave's cousin Prince Timo of Saxony.[6]

Two years later on 1 July 1999 the Margrave adopted his nephew Alexander Afif.[7]

Until his adoption, Alexander had used the title Alexander, Prince of Saxe-Gessaphe since 1972,[8] based on his claim to patrilineal descent from a Maronite Christian family of historical emirs and sheikhs in Lebanon, the "Afif" (or Gessaphe) dynasty.[9][10][10] Some sources now attribute princely rank to this family,[9] while others have ascribed to it a lesser status.[2] Since Alexander had fathered three sons and a daughter by his 1987 marriage to Princess Gisela of Bavaria (b. 1964),[citation needed] his selection as heir offered the likelihood of compliance with the dynasty's traditional marital rules for another generation.

The 1997 agreement proved to be controversial and in the summer of 2002 three of the signatories, Princes Albert, Dedo and Gero (the latter consented via proxy but had not personally signed the document)[11] retracted their support for the agreement.[12] The following year Prince Albert wrote that it is through Prince Ruediger and his sons that the direct line of the Albertine branch of the House of Wettin will continue, and thus avoid becoming extinct.[13] Until his death, however, the Margrave, as head of the former dynasty, continued to regard his nephew and adopted son, Prince Alexander, as the contractual heir entitled to succeed.[citation needed]

Immediately following the death of Maria Emanuel in July 2012, Prince Albert assumed the position of head of the Royal House of Saxony. In Albert's final interview, given after the funeral, he states Alexander still lacks official recognition as Margrave of Meissen.[14] Prince Alexander, citing the 1997 agreement, has also assumed the headship.[15] Albert, Margrave of Meissen died at a hospital in Munich on 6 October 2012 at the age of 77.

Prior to the requiem for Margrave Maria Emanuel, Ruediger, who had sought to be recognised by his uncle as a dynastic member of the House of Saxony but was refused, conducted a demonstration outside the cathedral with Saxon royalists in protest against the late Margrave Maria Emanuel's decision to appoint Alexander as heir.[16] Following Albert's death, Prince Ruediger declared himself as the head of the house.[17]

In a joint statement of 23 June 2015, the heads of the three remaining branches of the senior Ernestine line of the House of Wettin, Michael, Prince of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Andreas, Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Konrad, Prince of Saxe-Meiningen, declared that, according to the house law of the House of Wettin and to traditional princely succession rules, Alexander Afif, bearing the name Prince of Saxony by adoption, were neither a member of nobility nor of the House of Wettin, nor had he succeeded Maria Emanuel as head of the Albertine branch (the Royal House of Saxony), nor were he entitled to style himself Margrave of Meissen.[18]

The line of succession within the Saxe-Gessaphe line is:

Margrave Alexander (born 1954)[19]
- (1) Prince Georg Philipp (b. 1988)[19]
- (2) Prince Mauricio (b. 1989)[19]
- (3) Prince Paul-Clemens (b. 1993)[19]

Claim of Rüdiger, Margrave of Meissen[edit]

The other claimant to the headship of the Royal House is Prince Rüdiger of Saxony, the only direct male line great grandson of the last king of Saxony. He was born into the cadet Moritzburg branch of the Royal House of Saxony, which was named after the palace where his grandfather and the founder of the branch Prince Ernst Heinrich of Saxony lived and where Ruediger and his family returned to after German reunification. Prince Ernst Heinrich had three sons the Princes Dedo (1922-2009), Timo (1923-1982) and Gero (1925-2003), however only Prince Timo married and had issue including an only son Prince Ruediger. Like the Afif-Saxony marriage, the marriage of Ruediger's father to his mother Margrit Lucas was also morganatic.[citation needed]

If equality requirements are discarded as a direct male line descendant of the kings of Saxony the head of the Royal House is Prince Ruediger. The last surviving undisputed male dynast Prince Albert wrote in 2003 that it will be through Prince Ruediger and his sons that the direct line of the Albertine branch of the House of Wettin will continue, and thus avoid becoming extinct.[20] Prince Ruediger himself never accepted the 1997 agreement and when asked for his opinion on who the eventual successor to Maria Emanuel should be he replied that it should be himself.[21]

Following the death of Maria Emanuel in July 2012, Prince Ruediger recognised Prince Albert as the new Margrave of Meissen and head of the Royal House of Saxony. According to the family website prior to his death Albert determined Ruediger to be his successor and instituted a clear succession plan.[22] On this basis following Albert's death Prince Ruediger assumed the headship of the house.[17]

The Moritzburg branch, in order of primogeniture, is:

Margrave Ruediger (born 1953)[19]
- (1) Prince Daniel (b. 1975)[19]
  - (2) Prince Gero (b. 2015)[23]
- (3) Prince Arne (b. 1977)[19]
- (4) Prince Nils (b. 1978)[19]
  - (5) Prince Moritz (b. 2009)[19]

Claim of Karl Friedrich, Prince of Hohenzollern[edit]

Yet another potential successor to the former monarchy's royal crown, due to the semi-Salic succession law used in Saxony, is Karl Friedrich, Prince of Hohenzollern. He is the eldest son and heir of Friedrich Wilhelm, Prince of Hohenzollern (1924–2010), who was the son of Princess Margaret of Saxony (1900–1962), the eldest aunt of Maria Emanuel, Margrave of Meissen. The succession would fall to Prince Karl Friedrich in case the marriage of Anna, the mother of the Saxe-Gessaphe claimant and elder sister of the margrave, is deemed non-dynastic despite the actions of the margrave and agnates to de-morganatize it.[citation needed]

His claim would also depend upon there having been no family pact (Erbverbrüderung) which allocated the kingdom to another dynasty upon extinction of the royal Wettins' male line, since Saxony's constitution explicitly recognized the validity of such pacts.[citation needed] After Karl Friedrich, who had also been considered in the line of succession to the defunct throne of Romania, there is also a line of succession potentially applicable to the Saxon royal claim.[citation needed]

Line of Succession in November 1918[edit]

George, King of Saxony (1832–1904)
- Frederick Augustus III of Saxony (born 1865)
  - (1) Georg, Crown Prince of Saxony (born 1893)
  - (2) Prince Friedrich Christian of Saxony (born 1893)
  - (3) Prince Ernst Heinrich of Saxony (born 1896)
- (4) Prince Johann Georg of Saxony (born 1869)
- Prince Maximilian of Saxony (born 1870), renounced succession rights

Ernestine Wettins[edit]

In the house laws of the Kingdom of Saxony, succession is restricted to the Albertinischer Linie, a term which referred exclusively to Wettin dynasts of the royal branch, male and female, eligible to inherit Saxony's throne, and may constitute exclusion of claims by Ernestine agnates of the other branch of the House of Wettin. Paragraph 6 of the Constitution of the Kingdom of Saxony, however, states: Die Krone ist erblich in dem Mannsstamme des Sächsischen Fürstenhauses nach dem Rechte der Erstgeburt und der agnatischen Linealfolge, vermöge Abstammung aus ebenbürtiger Ehe. ("The crown is hereditary in the male line of the Saxon princely house in accordance with the principle of primogeniture and agnatic lineal succession, by virtue of descent from equal marriage"). Since the "Sächsischen Fürstenhauser" included all dynastic members of the various branches of the House of Wettin which ruled the Ernestine duchies until 1918, any of these agnates fit this requirement and might, theoretically, claim the royal Saxon throne in accordance with primogeniture.[improper synthesis?] This rationale could make the titular Grand Duke of Saxony, Michael, Prince of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, the royal heir by primogeniture after extinction of the Albertine branch (which is the most junior line of the House of Wettin although it alone attained the rank of a kingdom within Germany).[improper synthesis?]

One or more of the Ernestine Wettins may also have claims superior to descendants of both female and de-morganatized Albertine dynasts if an Erbverbrüderung had been signed between the Albertine and any of the Ernestine branches of the dynasty. There are a number of extant lines of the House of Wettin (Weimar, Meiningen and Coburg; and the most junior of them, Coburg, includes the sub-branches of Windsor, Coburg proper, Koháry, Bulgaria and Belgium) who ruled the various Ernestine duchies and other realms.[improper synthesis?]

It should, again, be borne in mind that Saxony's royal constitution required that any successor to the throne be born of an equal (ebenbürtig) marriage, therefore Wettins who may qualify as dynastic princes under other house laws, might not be eligible under royal Saxon law:[improper synthesis?]

Grand Ducal House of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach[edit]

Grand Duke Wilhelm Ernst (1876–1923)
- Hereditary Grand Duke Carl August (1912–1988), Head of the Grand Ducal House (1923-1988)
  - Prince Michael (born 1946), Head of the Grand Ducal House (since 1988)[19][24]
- Prince Bernhard (1917–1986)
  - (1) Prince Wilhelm Ernst (b. 1946)[19][24]

Ducal House of Saxe-Meiningen[edit]

Duke Georg II (1826–1914)
- Prince Ernst (1859–1941), Head of the Ducal House (1928-1941)
  - Has living male non-dynastic descendants the Barons von Saalfeld
- Prince Friedrich (1861–1914)
  - Prince Bernhard (1901–1984), Head of the Ducal House (1946-1984)
    - Frederick, Prince of Saxe-Meiningen (1935-2004), non-dynastical member by the first morganatical marriage of his father
      - Friedrich Constantin, Prince of Saxe-Meiningen (born 1980), possible successor of the Head of the Ducal House
    - Prince Konrad (born 1952), Head of the Ducal House (since 1984)[19]

Ducal House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha[edit]

Albert Edward, Prince of Wales (later Edward VII) in 1863, and Arthur, Duke of Connaught in 1899, both deferred their rights and those of their descendants to the ducal throne of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in favor of their nephew, Prince Charles Edward, Duke of Albany. These deferrals are not relevant to the royal Saxon succession, however British dynasts may have contracted marriages that would be considered morganatic by royal Saxon standards. If not, Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester is the senior descendant in the British male line of the Dukes of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.

Otherwise, in 1932 Hereditary Prince Johann Leopold (son of Duke Charles Edward) made a non-dynastic marriage whereupon, under the then house laws, his descendants lost any rights to the succession of the ducal throne. The present Head of the Ducal House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha is Prince Andreas, the grandson of Charles Edward, last reigning Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.

Duke Franz (1750–1806)
- Duke Ernst I (1784–1844)
  - Prince Albert (1819–1861)
    - King Edward VII of the United Kingdom (1841–1910)
      - British Royal Family
    - Prince Leopold (1853–1884)
      - Duke Carl Eduard (1884–1954)
        
        Hereditary Prince Johann Leopold (1906–1972)
        
        Has living male non-dynastic descendants
        
        Prince Friedrich Josias (1918–1998), Head of the Ducal House (1954-1998)
        
        Prince Andreas (born 1943), Head of the Ducal House (since 1998)[19][24]
        
        (1) Hereditary Prince Hubertus (b. 1975)[19][24]
        
        (2) Prince Philipp (b. 2015)[19][24]
        
        (3) Prince Alexander (b. 1977)[19][24]
        
        Prince Adrian (1955–2011)
        
        Has living male non-dynastic descendants[19][24]
- Prince Ferdinand (1785–1851)
  - Prince August (1818–1881)
    - Prince Ludwig August (1845–1907)
      - Prince August Leopold (1867–1922)
        
        Prince Philipp Josias (1901–1985)
        
        Has living male non-dynastic descendants[19][24]
    - King Ferdinand I of Bulgaria (1861–1948)
      - Bulgarian Royal Family[24]
- King Leopold I of Belgium (1790–1865)
  - Belgian Royal Family

Lines of Succession in November 1918[edit]

Grand Ducal House of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach[edit]

Karl August, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (1757–1828)
- Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (1783–1853)
  - Charles Alexander, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (1818–1901)
    - Charles Augustus, Hereditary Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (1844–1894)
      - William Ernest, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (born 1876)
        
        (1) Charles Augustus, Hereditary Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (b. 1912)
        
        (2) Prince Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (b. 1917)
- Prince Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (1792–1862)
  - Prince Hermann of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (1825–1901)
    - (3) Prince Wilhelm of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (b. 1853)

Ducal House of Saxe-Meiningen[edit]

Duke Georg II (1826–1914)
- Bernhard III, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen (born 1851)
- (1) Prince Ernst (b. 1859)
  - Had living male non-dynastic descendants the Barons von Saalfeld
- Prince Friedrich (1861–1914)
  - (2) Prince Georg (b. 1892)
  - (3) Prince Bernhard (b. 1901)

Ducal House of Saxe-Altenburg[edit]

Ernst II, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg (born 1871)
- (1) Georg Moritz, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Altenburg (b.1900)
- (2) Prince Frederick Ernst (b. 1905)

Ducal House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha[edit]

Duke Franz (1750–1806)
- Duke Ernst I (1784–1844)
  - Prince Albert (1819–1861)
    - King Edward VII of the United Kingdom (1841–1910)
      - King George V of the United Kingdom (b. 1865) (British dynasts considered to forfeit succession rights)
        
        Edward, Prince of Wales (b. 1894)
        
        Prince Albert of the United Kingdom (b. 1895)
        
        Prince Henry of the United Kingdom (b. 1900)
        
        Prince George of the United Kingdom (b. 1902)
        
        Prince John of the United Kingdom (b. 1905)
    - Duke Alfred (1844–1900)
    - Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn (b. 1850)
      - Prince Arthur of Connaught (b. 1883)
        
        Prince Alastair of Connaught (b. 1912)
    - Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany (1853–1884)
      - Duke Carl Eduard (born 1884)
        
        (1) Hereditary Prince Johann Leopold (b. 1906)
        
        (2) Prince Hubertus (b. 1909)
- Prince Ferdinand (1785–1851)
  - King Ferdinand II of Portugal (1816–1885)
    - King Luís I of Portugal (1838–1889)
      - King Carlos I of Portugal (1863–1908)
        
        (3) King Manuel II of Portugal (b. 1889)
      - (4) Infante Afonso, Duke of Porto (b. 1865)
  - Prince August (1818–1881)
    - (5) Prince Philipp (b. 1844)
    - Prince Ludwig August (1845–1907)
      - (6) Prince Pedro Augusto (b. 1866)
      - (7) Prince August Leopold (b. 1867)
        
        (8) Prince Rainier (b. 1900)
        
        (9) Prince Philipp Josias (b. 1901)
        
        (10) Prince Ernst (b. 1907)
      - (11) Prince Ludwig Gaston (b. 1870)
        
        (12) Prince Antonius (b. 1901)
    - (13) King Ferdinand I of Bulgaria (b. 1861)
      - (14) King Boris III of Bulgaria (b. 1893)
      - (15) Kiril, Prince of Preslav (b. 1895)
- Leopold I of Belgium (1790–1865)
  - Prince Philippe, Count of Flanders (1837–1905)
    - King Albert I of Belgium (b. 1875) (Belgian dynasts considered to forfeit succession rights)
      - Prince Leopold, Duke of Brabant (b. 1901)
      - Prince Charles, Count of Flanders (b. 1903)